Ireland
Ireland is an island on the west side of Europe. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. There are about 5 million people in the Republic of Ireland. It is a small country but a lot of people know about it. In many countries there are Irish priests and nuns.
People left Ireland to find work in those countries and they stayed there. All over the world there are people with Irish blood.
The country is in two parts. The larger part, the Republic of Ireland, is in the south. The smaller part of Ireland, Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom and its big city is Belfast. Like a lot of other countries, Ireland had sad and difficult times, but it had good times too. The Irish are kind and polite people, they welcome strangers. The Irish love to talk. Ireland is a beautiful country with fine lakes, tall mountains and attractive beaches. It has two great rivers. It is a very green country. It is green partly because it rains too much.
Ireland is a country of good butter, good beer and good horses. People come from all over the world to buy Irish horses from Europe, from America, from Arab countries and from the Far East. Ireland also has its manufacturing industry.
Questions:
1. Where is Ireland situated?
2. What is the population of this country?
3. Why did people leave Ireland?
4. What parts does it состоит of?
5. Ireland has its own manufacturing industry, hasn"t it?
Vocabulary:
island - остров
priest - священник
nun - монах
manufacturing industry - обрабатывающая промышленность
Ирландия
Ирландия - остров на западе Европы. Столица Ирландии - Дублин. Население Ирландской Республики составляет более 5 миллионов человек. Это маленькая страна, но она известна многим людям. Во многих странах есть ирландские священники и монахи.
Люди ехали из Ирландии, чтобы найти работу в других странах, и оставались там. По всему миру разбросаны люди с ирландской кровью.
Страна состоит из двух частей. Большая часть - Ирландская Республика - находится на юге. Меньшая часть Ирландии, северная Ирландия - часть Соединенного Королевства, крупнейший город в какой - Белфаст. Как и во многих других странах, в Ирландии были печальные и трудные времена, но хорошие времена были также. Ирландцы добрые и вежливые люди, они хорошо встречают незнакомцев. Ирландцы любят поговорить. Ирландия - прекрасная страна с красивыми озерами, большими городами и привлекательными пляжами. Здесь есть две большие реки. Это очень зеленая страна. Она зеленая отчасти потому, что здесь идет много дождей.
Ирландия - страна чудесного масла, пива и лошадей. Люди со всего мира приезжают покупать ирландских лошадей: из Европы, Америки, арабских стран и с Дальнего Востока. Ирландия также известна своей обрабатывающей промышленностью.
Topic: Unforgettable Ireland
Тема: Незабываемая Ирландия
Ireland. What associations do you have with this country? Some people will exactly state the island, but there are individuals, who can be puzzled by existence of this republic, as this word is commonly used with Northern Ireland, an indispensable part of Great Britain. It is a well-developed country with its customs, traditions, way of life. It borders in the north on Britain and is greatly influenced by it, but Ireland is an independent country .
Ирландия. Какие ассоциации вызывает у вас эта страна? Некоторые люди будут называть остров, но есть лица, которые могут быть озадачены существованием такой Республики, так как это слово используется с названием Северной Ирландии, части Великобритании. Это развитая страна с ее обычаями, традициями, образом жизни. Она граничит с Великобританией на севере, и она оказывает большое влияние на нее, но Ирландия - независимая страна признанная многими другими странами.
Ireland is located on the island in the Atlantic Ocean in the west of Europe. The area of the whole state comprises more than 70,000 km2, in average 14,000 km2. Apart from the ocean the island is also washed by the Irish Sea, the North Channel and the St. George’s Channel. The location of the island determines its climate, which is temperate and usually maritime. The relief of Ireland is rather plain in the center and mountainous in the outer rim. The highest point of the isle is over 1,000 m above the sea level.
Ирландия расположена в Западной Европе на острове в Атлантическом океане. Общая площадь Республики составляет более 70 000 км2, в то время как площадь Северной Ирландии составляет около 14 000 км2. Помимо океана остров омывается Ирландским морем, проливом Святого Георга и Северным каналом. Положение острова определяет его климат, который является умеренным и морским. Рельеф страны равнинный в центральной части и горный по внешнему ободу. Самая высокая точка составляет более 1000 метров над уровнем моря.
The population comprises more than 3 million people. Their in 21 cities and towns, while about 40% of people prefer a rural scenery. Due to some historical background the population of this country has one more subdivision. It is connected with the nationality, origin and language. Though Ireland previously used to be in the UK, nowadays almost all people consider themselves Irish, but the state has 2 official languages: English and Irish. Irish people , so to touch people while talking, but humor is an indispensable characteristic of the nation.
Население составляет более 3 миллионов человек. Большее их число городские, живущие в 21 городе и поселке, в то время как около 40% предпочитают сельские пейзажи. В силу некоторых исторических предпосылок население страны имеет еще одно разделение. Это связано с национальностью, происхождением и языком. Хотя Ирландия была частью Великобритании, в наше время почти все люди считают себя Ирландцами, но страна имеет два официальных языка: английский и ирландский. Ирландцы ценят личное пространство, поэтому не принято прикасаться друг к другу во время разговора, но юмор является неотъемлемой характеристикой нации.
The republic is divided into 29 counties and five cities. Dublin is the capital of the country. The main symbols of Ireland are its three-color flag, the shamrock clover and the green color.
Страна разделена на 29 округов и пять городов. Дублин-столица страны. Главными символами Ирландии являются ее трехцветный флаг, трилистник клевера и зеленый цвет.
Being a parliamentary democracy Ireland is headed by the elected president. The Parliament of Ireland consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and Senate. The official document is the Constitution, but all adopted laws must correspond with the European Community obligations. The executive power is in the hands of the Prime Minister and the cabinet known as the Government, while the judicial one is headed by the Supreme Court. Though in this republic, the Catholic Church is considered special.
Республика является парламентской демократией во главе с избранным президентом. Парламент состоит из двух палат: Палаты представителей и Сената. Официальный документ - это Конституция, а все законы должны соответствовать обязательствам с Европейским сообществом. Исполнительная власть принадлежит премьер-министру и кабинету, известному как правительство, а судебной властью руководит Верховный Суд. Хотя в стране нет официальной религии, католическая церковь считается особенной.
Основными отраслями страны являются предоставление услуг, производство и строительство, сельское хозяйство, рыболовство и лесное хозяйство. Влиятельными также считаются пивоварение, одежда, текстиль, информационные технологии, финансы и, конечно, туризм.
Ireland is regarded to be a country with a high cultural level and many tourists arrive annually there. Its architecture is rather various including ancient castles, eye-catching thatched cottages, rococo country houses, magnificent cathedrals and contemporary buildings. It is a motherland of famous artists and sculptors, poets and writers, physicists and mathematicians, and even Nobel laureates.
Ирландия - это страна с высоким культурным уровнем, и множество туристов ежегодно приезжают туда. Ее архитектура весьма разнообразна, включая старинные замки, крытые соломой коттеджи, загородные дома в стиле рококо, величественные соборы и современные здания. Это родина знаменитых художников и скульпторов, поэтов и писателей, физиков и математиков, и даже Нобелевских лауреатов.
It has numerous unique sights attracting guests from each part of the world. Boyne Valley is a place with ancient tombs, which are even older than the Egyptian Pyramids. December, 21 is an unforgettable day, as one of these tombs a beam of light shining through the roof and those, who have seen it, say that it forever. The Cliffs of Moher provide a breathtaking view of the seacoast and the entire isle. The Giant"s Causeway is one more interesting place with more than 40,000 basalt columns located in the coastal area. They are considered a homeland of the giant, but scientists proved that they had appeared due to the volcanic eruption. The Aran Islands can give an opportunity to appear for more than several centuries, made of limestone plates and a paradise for botanists and geologists. For fans of urban leisure activities Ireland suggests the Guinness Storehouse with its incredible building, which is constructed in a shape of the glass and provides of the drink, St. Patrick’s Cathedral, the largest religious cathedral in Dublin and a residence many different historical events, and Croke Park, one of the largest stadiums in Europe
Она имеет ряд уникальных достопримечательностей, привлекающих посетителей со всего мира. Долина Бойне - это место с древними могилами, которые старше египетских пирамид. 21 декабря - незабываемый день, когда одна из гробниц освещается пучком света, пробивающимся через крышу и те, кто видели его, говорят, что он остается в памяти навсегда. Скалы Мохер обеспечат наиболее захватывающий вид на побережье и весь остров. Дорога гигантов является еще одним интересным местом с более чем 40 000 базальтовых колонн, расположенных в прибрежной зоне. Они по праву считаются родиной одного гиганта, но ученые доказали, что они появились из-за извержения вулкана. Острова Аран могут дать возможность оказаться в районе, где ничего не менялось в течение более чем нескольких столетий, в то время как Буррен - это известный природный памятник из плит известняка и рай для ботаников и геологов. Для любителей городского отдыха Ирландия предлагает Гиннесс с его невероятным зданием, которое имеет форму стакана и где проводят исторический обзор напитка, Собор Святого Патрика, самый большой храм в Дублине и место проведения многих исторических событий, и Кроук Парк, четвертый по величине стадион в Европе, который дает шанс посмотреть игры в херлинг или Гэльский футбол вместе с ирландцами.
One of the most beautiful islands in the world is situated near the north-western coast of Europe. Throughout the centuries, writers and poets sang of green meadows and wild mountains of Ireland. The country"s natural resources are very insignificant. There are no fields of coal, iron ore or oil on its territory. Ireland is famous for its food and textile industries, it is also rich in a peculiar Gaelic culture, which, with the waves of emigrants from this small country, has spread throughout the world.
The first conquerors of Ireland were the Celts, who divided the island into small principalities. Signs of Celtic culture remained in Irish folklore. These are heroic legends and wonderful stories about gods, heroes and battles. In 432, Saint Patrick brought Christianity to the country and became its patron. Ireland became one of the cultural centres of Europe. Literature, painting and science blossomed.
In 795, the peaceful life of the islanders was violated by the Vikings. Having conquered the island, they founded many settlements, including Dublin, the capital of Ireland. In the 12th century, the island was captured by the Normans. Later, to strengthen the power of England, the English monarchs Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and Jacob I settled on the lands of the Irish English and Scottish Protestants. The consequences of such policy we can see today: conflicts between Catholics and Protestants do not stop in Northern Ireland.
Irish communities on all continents preserve the customs of their homeland very carefully. In 1973, the Republic of Ireland joined the European Union. As a member of the Union, Ireland is gradually becoming a prosperous country regardless of Britain - a powerful neighbour and former ruler. Modern industry pressed traditional for Ireland textile industry and agriculture pressed modern industry.
The capital of the Republic of Ireland, the city of Dublin, stands on the River Liffey near the coast of the Irish Sea. It was founded by the Vikings in the IX century. Dublin"s cosy squares store an old architecture.
У северо-западных берегов Европы находится один из прекраснейших в мире островов. На протяжении веков писатели и поэты воспевали зеленые луга и дикие горы Ирландии. Природные ресурсы страны весьма незначительны. На ее территории нет месторождений угля, железной руды, нефти. Ирландия славится пищевой и текстильной промышленностью, богата она и своеобразной гэльской культурой, которая с волнами эмигрантов из этой маленькой страны распространилась по свету.
Первыми завоевателями Ирландии были кельты, разделившие остров на небольшие княжества. Следы культуры кельтов остались в ирландском фольклоре. Это героические легенды и чудесные истории о богах, героях и битвах. В 432 году святой Патрик принес в страну христианство и стал ее покровителем. Ирландия превратилась в один из культурных центров Европы. Расцвела литература, живопись и науки.
В 795 г. мирную жизнь островитян нарушили викинги. Завоевав остров, они основали много поселений, в том числе Дублин - нынешнюю столицу Ирландии. В ХII веке островом завладели норманны. Позже, чтобы укрепить власть Англии, английские монархи Генрих VIII, Елизавета I и Яков I поселили на землях ирландцев английских и шотландских протестантов. Последствия такой политики дают о себе знать и сегодня: в Северной Ирландии не прекращаются конфликты между католиками и протестантами.
Ирландские общины на всех материках бережно хранят обычаи своей родины. В 1973 году Республика Ирландия присоединилась к Европейскому Союзу. Как член Союза, Ирландия постепенно становится преуспевающей страной независимо от Великобритании - могущественного соседа и бывшего повелителя. Традиционную для Ирландии текстильную промышленность и сельское хозяйство потеснила современная индустрия.
Ireland Essay, Research Paper
IrelandIreland is an island country lying to the west of Great Britian. Itis separated from Great Britain by St. George’s Channel, the Irish Seaand the Northern Channel. At its greatest length, from northeast tosouthwest, it measures three hundred and two miles. The first humansettlements on the island on the northeastern edge of Europe were maderelatively late in European prehistory, about six thousand B.C. Itremained relatively uninhabited and uninvaded. The only knowledge ofthis Ireland is through references in Greek and Roman literature andpagan legends that survived into the Christian period. Sometime betweensix hundred and one hundred fifty B.C. Celtic peoples from westernEurope, Known as Gaels, invaded and subdued the inhabitants. The basic units of the Gaelic society were the tuatha, which werepetty kingdoms. They remained independent of each other but shared thesame common language, Gaelic. There were also a class of men calledbrehons, “who were learned in customary laws and helped topreserve throughout Ireland a uniform yet archaic social system.”(Grolier) One reason for the unique nature of their society was that theRomans, who had transformed the Celtic societies of Britain and othersocieties with their armies, roads, administrative system and townstructures, never tried to conquer Ireland. A result of Ireland’s isolation from RomanizedEurope was the development of a distinctive Celtic type of Christianity.While Saint Patrick introduced Latin Christianity into the country inthe fifth century, the system of bishops with territorial dioceses which wasmodeled on the Roman’s administrative system, it could not find securityin Ireland at the time.(Grolier) Though the independent tuath remainedthe basic unit of Gaelic secular society, the sovereign monastery becamethe basic unit of Celtic Christianity. During the sixth and seventhcenturies Irish monasteries were great centers of learning. Suchmissionaries as Saint Columba and Saint Columban were sent out to therest of Europe. While the rest of Europe was in the Dark Ages, thiswas Ireland’s golden age.(Grolier)In the late Eighth century, Vikings from Scandinavia began toraid Ireland. The other parts of Europe about this time wereresponding to the pressures of the invasions by developing the system offeudalism. However, the Gaelic society did not lend itself to suchdevelopments because it lacked the heritage of Roman law that providedthe framework for the feudal system.(Grolier) The complex and detailedkinship arrangements in which both property-holding and succession toleadership roles were regulated by brehon laws. This impaired theexchange of land for military service, a basic bargain underlying feudalsystems. Eventually, the Gaelic society managed to organize resistance. In1014, Irish forces led by King Brian Boru decisively defeated theVikings at the Battle of Contarf. King Brian was giving the title ” highking of Ireland “. (Grolier) During Brian’ s tenure (1002-14) his powerthroughout much of the island was insignificant. Without theinfrastructure of feudalism he was unable to make the transition fromsymbolic kingship to effective monarch, which was beginning in other partsof Europe.(Grolier) Though the Vikings were gone, they left their markupon the island by founding Ireland’s first cities, including
Dublin, Limerick and Waterford. The unity experienced under Brian had long disappeared by thetime Ireland faced her next challenge. It came from, the highly effectivefeudal monarchy founded by William the Conqueror after his invasion ofthat country in 1066 from Normandy (Grolier), England. In 1171,Henry II, a descendant of William, took advantage of a letter fromPope Adrian IV. It authorized Henry to make himself overlord ofIreland in order to bring the Irish Church more “in line with Romanstandards.”(Grolier) Many Anglo-Norman barons along with theirretainers had already seized large parts of Ireland when Henry himselfwent to the island accompanied by an army to receive formal submissionof those barons and most Irish Kings. In those areas where the Anglo-Norman barons settled andscattered the native Gaelic aristocracy, a feudal system was establishedsimilar to their native English and Norman lands. However, it was notan effective centralized monarchy like the Norman feudalism favoredin England. (Grolier) The English government was usually distractedand did issue much authority to the colony. Ireland was mainly dividedinto three concentric regions in this time: 1. Dublin and its immediatearea, it was the only area where the English exercised any authority; 2. a broad area of territories beyond Dublin which where semi-independent fiefs of the great Anglo-Norman lords; 3. territories on thewestern coast of Ireland that retained Gaelic customs and remainedcompletely outside of the English rule. (Grolier)The English colony in Ireland reached its peak in the earlyfourteenth century. The Gaelic society was enjoying a considerableresurgence. Not only by winning back territories from the colonists butthrough the change of the Anglo-Normans into an ” Anglo-Irish “aristocracy. As Anglo-Normans intermarried with the natives andadopted the Gaelic language and customs, they progressively became to be” more Irish than the Irish “. (Grolier – O’Brien,34)The Anglo-Norman conquest hurried reforms that brought theIrish church more in line with Roman standards. English legal practicesand civil administration were introduced. Additionally, an Irishparliament, modeled on the English one, was created in the latethirteenth century. (Grolier)By the end of the Middle Ages it became clear that the Anglo-Norman conquest was a failure. In the sixteenth century the Englishmonarchs, Henry VIII, Mary I and Elizabeth I, made concertedefforts to reconquer Ireland by use of military and by the establishment orplantation of colonies of English settlers upon the island.(O’Brien,36)However, Henry’s ties between the Church of England and the papacycomplicated the attempts of reconquest. In Ireland, unlike England,there was practically no inherent sympathy with the Protestantreformers among either the Gaelic-Irish or the Anglo-Irish.Consequently, the trans-formation of the Church of Ireland into aProtestant church was rejected overwhelming by the majority of thepopulation. (Grolier)
1. De Vere White, Terence. Ireland. New York: Walker and Company. 1968. 2. ” Ireland “. Collier’s Encyclopedia. volume 11, pages 131-144 1959 ed. 3. ” Ireland “. Encyclopedia Britannica .volume 12, pages 592-620 1951 ed. 4. ” Ireland, history of. medieval Ireland”. Grolier MultimediaEncyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1995 ed. 5. O’Brien, Elinor. The land and people of Ireland. Philadelphia & New York: JB Lippincott Co. 1953
In area, Scotland is about 30.000 square miles. Its population is about 5.200.000 people. Scotland was an independent kingdom. In 1707 the Act of Union was passed. This Act incorporated Scotland with England in the United Kingdom, but the Scots kept their own legal system, religion, education and administration, and still keep them now. It is governed from London under a Secretary of State for Scotland who is usually a Scot.
The English language is spoken all over Scotland with a variety of regional accents – Scottish dialects. Among the people of some remote Highlands districts the Gaelic language is still used.
Scotland is a northern land, but it not particularly cold there.
During the nineteenth century much industrial development, based at first on coal mining, took place in the region round Glasgow and Edinburgh. Although Edinburgh is the capital, Glasgow has for a long time been the chief center of commerce and industry.
Scottish towns look very different from English towns. Architectural traditions are quite distinct, and certain styles never appear in England. Two-storey red brick houses of England contrast with grey four-storey apartment houses in Scotland.
The most interesting and beautiful part of Scotland – and of the whole of Britain – is the north and west, of the region commonly called “the highlands and islands”. Great sea-lochs, wild and empty hills, cone-shaped mountains deep valleys attract a lot of tourists. Shooting, fishing and deerstalking are rich men’s sports. Most visitors to modern Scotland come away with an impression that Scotsmen are hospitable, generous and friendly.
Topic Northern Ireland
The majority of the inhabitants of this large and beautiful island are Celtic in origin. After the Reformations in England and Scotland, many English and Scottish Protestants were settled in Ireland by English monarch and became the most powerful element in the country because they owned much of the land. In 1801 the union of Ireland with Great Britain took place, and the new political unit was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union was not favourable to the Catholic majority of the inhabitants, who regarded the dominant Protestant minority as foreign invaders and oppressors.
The Protestant and Catholic communities` mutual hostility is a characteristic feature of six counties of Northern Ireland. Serious disorders turned into the real war. In August 1969 British troops were sent to keep order, but terrorist acts continued.
The purpose of the British is to unite the two communities against extremists from both sides. There has been some progress towards this end, but many problems remain unsolved and the danger of a new wave of violence still exists.
Topic Wales
Wales has been united with England for seven hundred years, and through all this time England and Wales have formed one single political and administrative unit.
The territory of Wales is about 8.000 square miles. The population of Wales is about 3 m. people.
Central and North Wales are farming regions, while South Wales is the industrial part of the country. It is rich in coal. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is also a large port.
Wales is a very popular place for spending holidays. Every year, thousands of people take their holidays at the seaside on the North Wales coast or, if they prefer, enjoy peace in villages far from town life. Some people choose Snowdonia. This is a national park around Snowdon, which is ideal for walking or hiking holidays.
Among the best-known Welsh characteristics are certain romanticism and love of poetry and music. The annual bardic festival known as the National Eisteddfod of Wales has a 1.200-year-old history: choral singing of hymns is a national art. Oratory is another. Singers, dancers, musicians and poets come from all over the world to complete for the awards at the festival. They often wear national costumes. At the festivals Welsh girls wear the nationals dress – a tall black hat, a red skirt and a white apron.
Another source of national pride is Rugby football.
In the whole of Wales, 99 per cent of the people can speak English, and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic one and very different from English, is, in fact, declining.
